![]() Because sunspots are cooler than the rest of the sun's surface, they look darker. The bunched up spots - actually twists in the magnetic field lines - have so much magnetic power that they push back the hot gases beneath them and prevent the heat from rising directly to the surface. (Specifically, a point on the equator takes 25 Earth days to go around, while a point near one of the poles takes 36 days to complete its rotation.) Over time, all that messy and uneven movement twists and distorts the sun's main magnetic field in the same way that your bed sheets get wrinkled and bunched up when you toss and turn in your sleep. The interior and the exterior of the sun rotate separately the outside rotates more quickly at the equator than at the solar north and south poles. Sunspots occur because the sun isn't a hunk of rock like the Earth and the inner planets, but a ball of continually circulating hot gases that doesn't move in one piece. Sunspots are cooler because they're areas of intense magnetism - so intense that it inhibits the flow of hot gases from the sun's interior to its surface. That interior is surrounded by a larger, lighter area called the penumbra, which is about 500 degrees cooler than the rest of the sun. The dark interior of a sunspot, called the umbra, is about 1,600 degrees cooler than the rest of the sun's surface. Https://wiki/File:Solarcorona.Sunspots appear dark to us because they're cooler than the surrounding areas on the sun's visible surface, or photosphere, which has a temperature of about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,537.8 degrees Celsius). The corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse that covers both the photosphere and the chromosphere. The corona appears bright in X-ray photos in places where magnetic fields trap hot gas. Like the chromosphere, the corona is not visible from Earth except during a total solar eclipse where the Moon covers both the photosphere and the chromosphere. This heat source is probably from electromagnetic interactions of its atoms. With a temperature of about 1 million K, the corona is significantly hotter than the chromosphere, indicating that it must have a source of heat other than energy released from the lower regions. The outermost layer of the solar atmosphere is the corona. ![]() The chromosphere can only be seen from Earth during a total solar eclipse. Because the radiation from the solar interior is absorbed and then re-emitted by the photosphere, we cannot use spectral analysis to analyze the Sun’s interior. Spectral analysis can tell us what elements are present in the chromosphere and photosphere. Slightly cooler than the photosphere, the chromosphere is only visible during a total solar eclipse when the Moon blocks all the light from the photosphere. The various layers of the Sunįrom the top of the photosphere, at about 1500 km thick and a temperature of about 5000 K in temperature is the chromosphere. It is the light from the photosphere that we detect on Earth as visible light. The photosphere is about 500 km thick and has a temperature about 6000 K. The Sun lacks a solid surface, but if it can be said to have a surface of any kind, it would be the photosphere, the visible, granulated region that sits on top of the convection zone. The surface of the Sun exhibits constant activity.
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